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Tools in Data Science · End Term · Sep 2025 · FN

Tools in Data Science · End Term · Sep 2025 FN

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Questions and published explanations below are available without starting a test. Some questions may not have a published solution yet.

0 / 36 published solutions

Question 2 MCQ · 1.0 marks

Which file format is most suitable for lightweight human-readable documentation that converts easily to HTML?
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DOCX
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Markdown
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Binary blob
6406536004813.
Proprietary word processor format

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Question 3 MCQ · 1.0 marks

Which command lists hidden files in a Unix-like shell?
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ls -h
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ls -a
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show -a
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dir /ah

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Question 4 MCQ · 1.0 marks

In the context of APIs, an HTTP 401 response means:
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Resource not found
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Authentication required or failed
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Server error
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Rate limit exceeded

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Question 5 MCQ · 1.0 marks

What is the primary role of OpenRefine in a data workflow?
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Model training
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Interactive data cleaning and reconciliation
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Visual dashboarding
6406536004825.
Source control

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Question 6 MCQ · 1.0 marks

Which of the following best describes version control (git) benefit?
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Automatically cleans data
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Tracks changes, enables collaboration and rollback
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Replaces testing
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Stores only binary assets

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Question 7 MCQ · 1.0 marks

When designing small-unit tests for data cleaning functions, which assertion is most valuable to catch silent schema drift?
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Assert function runs without exception
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Assert that output contains expected column names and types
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Assert execution time is below threshold
6406536004833.
Assert the number of input files

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Question 8 MCQ · 1.0 marks

You are extracting customer name data from multiple sources. Some sources return "John Smith" while others return "smith, john". After combining data, you notice duplicate records that differ only in name format. Which approach best handles this situation?
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Keep both formats since they contain same information
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Normalize to first/last name components, standardize case/order, then deduplicate
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Delete all records appearing as duplicates arbitrarily
6406536004837.
Require users to manually resolve each formatting issue

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Question 9 MCQ · 1.0 marks

Your team uses an external weather API in automated tests. The API sometimes returns temporary errors (500 errors). Which testing approach is most reliable?
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Test against live API every time, accept occasional 500 failures
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Record real API responses as offline test files, use files normally, test live periodically
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Skip API tests since provider handles reliability
6406536004841.
Mock the API by hardcoding expected weather values for specific cities

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Question 10 MCQ · 1.0 marks

You are combining product data from two suppliers. Supplier A has product names like "Blue T- Shirt Size M" and Supplier B has "tshirt blue m". Why is it difficult to identify these as the same product using simple text matching?
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The names include extra descriptive words that do not appear in both supplier listings.
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Effective text comparison requires accounting for variations in word order, abbreviations, and synonyms, as a simple word-by-word match is insufficient.
6406536004844.
Text matching is impossible with product names
6406536004845.
The product codes are different so they must be different products

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Question 11 MCQ · 1.0 marks

In a bash ETL script that runs on a schedule, what should you do to make sure the job can run repeatedly without causing bad or duplicated results (i.e., to keep it idempotent)?
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Always write straight into the final output file and overwrite it every time
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Write to temp file, atomic move to final, track processed records
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Delete all output files at the start of every run
6406536004849.
Run the job several times at once so at least one run succeeds

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Question 12 MCQ · 1.0 marks

When converting mixed-currency product feeds for analytics, why store original currency along with converted value?
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It is redundant and unnecessary
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Enables recalculation if exchange rates change later
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It doubles storage but has no benefit
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It makes queries faster

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Question 13 MCQ · 1.0 marks

You maintain a Python script that cleans data. The script uses an external library (e.g., pandas) that your organization will support for the next 2 years. However, a new version of pandas is released with bug fixes. What is the best practice?
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Immediately upgrade to the latest version of all dependencies
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Document current version, test new version separately, upgrade if compatible
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Never update any library since updates always break things
6406536004857.
Remove the pandas dependency and rewrite your script without it

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Question 14 MCQ · 2.0 marks

Your team develops an automated pipeline that classifies customer support tickets into categories. A team member used an AI assistant to write the classification code. The code works correctly in testing but occasionally produces unexpected categories in production. What is the best way to identify and fix this issue?
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Remove the AI-generated code and rewrite it from scratch
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Capture production failures as test cases, fix code, save tests permanently
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Accept occasional errors as normal and monitor the error rate
6406536004861.
Disable the AI assistant for the entire team

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Question 15 MCQ · 2.0 marks

Which provenance strategy most reliably supports reproducing a processed dataset months later when upstream providers may change?
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Only store final processed CSV
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Archive raw inputs, code, dependency versions, artifact hashes in manifest
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Rely on upstream to provide same data again
6406536004865.
Keep only commit timestamps

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Question 16 MCQ · 2.0 marks

For scaling interactive data cleaning to large datasets while retaining reproducibility and human review, the best architecture is:
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Pure in-memory interactive tool for all rows
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Sample-driven transforms as reusable ETL recipes with manual review flags
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Manual spreadsheet edits for samples then manual application
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Single-run interactive session exported as final CSV

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Question 17 MCQ · 2.0 marks

When designing schema validation for heterogeneous JSON providers, the most robust rule set:
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Accept any valid JSON, even if it has extra fields
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Enforce a schema with required fields, allowed types, and clear errors
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Treat all values as text and avoid strict checks
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Validate only a few fields to reduce processing time

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Question 18 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 1: Store Location Analysis with Geospatial Data**
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
When visualizing store locations on an interactive map that stakeholders can explore in a web browser, which Python library is most suitable?
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Pandas (for data tables)
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Folium (creates interactive maps with markers and popups)
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NumPy (for numerical calculations)
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Requests (for making HTTP calls)

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Question 19 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 1: Store Location Analysis with Geospatial Data**
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
You want to find all stores within 5km of the city center. Using GeoPandas, what is the correct general approach?
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Manually calculate the difference between latitudes and compare to 5
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Create a Point for city center, create Points for stores, calculate distances using the appropriate distance method, then filter stores where distance < 5000 meters
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Sort stores by latitude and pick the first 5
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Use pandas string matching on store names

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Question 20 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 1: Store Location Analysis with Geospatial Data**
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
Your analysis shows store locations but distances seem incorrect (e.g., stores 1km apart show as 0.01 units apart). What is the most likely cause?
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The data is corrupted
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Coordinates are in a degree-based CRS; reproject to a metric CRS for correct distances.
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GeoPandas doesn't work with latitude/longitude
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You need to multiply all distances by 100

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Question 21 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 1: Store Location Analysis with Geospatial Data**
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
After finding that 8 stores are within 5km of city center and 17 are farther away, which visualization best communicates this finding?
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A text file listing store IDs
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Interactive map with colored markers and 5km radius
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A pie chart of store revenue
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A table of raw coordinates

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Question 22 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 1: Store Location Analysis with Geospatial Data**
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
You have store coordinates in a CSV file. Which Python library combination is most appropriate for performing geographic distance calculations and spatial analysis?
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Only pandas for reading CSV and calculating distances
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Pandas for data handling and GeoPandas for spatial operations (distance calculations, buffers, spatial joins)
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Only matplotlib for creating maps
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Excel for all spatial calculations

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Question 23 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 2 : Weather API Integration for Event Planning** **Context** An event management company wants to automate weather data collection for planning outdoor events. They need to fetch current weather and 5-day forecasts from a weather API for multiple cities to help clients make informed decisions.
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
To make a request to the weather API, which Python library is most commonly used for HTTP requests?
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pandas
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requests (or httpx)
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flask
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beautifulsoup

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Question 24 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 2 : Weather API Integration for Event Planning** **Context** An event management company wants to automate weather data collection for planning outdoor events. They need to fetch current weather and 5-day forecasts from a weather API for multiple cities to help clients make informed decisions.
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
The API requires an API key for authentication. Where should you store this API key in your code to follow security best practices?
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Hard-code it directly in your Python script: api_key = "abc123xyz"
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Store it in an environment variable (e.g., os.getenv('WEATHER_API_KEY'))
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Write it in a comment in the code
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Include it in the GitHub repository README

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Question 25 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 2 : Weather API Integration for Event Planning** **Context** An event management company wants to automate weather data collection for planning outdoor events. They need to fetch current weather and 5-day forecasts from a weather API for multiple cities to help clients make informed decisions.
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
After calling the API, you want to extract the weather description (e.g., “clear sky”) from the JSON response. Which is the correct way to access it?
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response['weather']['description']
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response_json['weather'][0]['description']
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response['main']['weather']
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response_json['description']['weather']

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Question 26 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 2 : Weather API Integration for Event Planning** **Context** An event management company wants to automate weather data collection for planning outdoor events. They need to fetch current weather and 5-day forecasts from a weather API for multiple cities to help clients make informed decisions.
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
You need to fetch weather for 10 cities, but the API has a rate limit of 60 calls per minute. How should you structure your code?
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Make all 10 requests simultaneously as fast as possible
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Use a 1–2 sec sleep() between requests to avoid rate limits and handle errors.
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Ignore the rate limit since you're only making 10 calls
6406536004909.
Make requests only during off-peak hours

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Question 27 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 2 : Weather API Integration for Event Planning** **Context** An event management company wants to automate weather data collection for planning outdoor events. They need to fetch current weather and 5-day forecasts from a weather API for multiple cities to help clients make informed decisions.
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
The API request fails with a 401 error status code. What does this indicate?
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The API server is down
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Unauthorized - likely an invalid or missing API key
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The city name is misspelled
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Too many requests (rate limit exceeded)

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Question 28 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 3: Sentiment Analysis with LLMs** **Context** A product team wants to analyze customer feedback from app reviews to understand user sentiment and identify common issues. Instead of manual review, they use an LLM to automatically classify sentiment and extract key themes from review text. **Available Data:** • 500 app reviews (text feedback, 1-5 star ratings) • LLM API access (e.g., OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude) • Goal: Classify sentiment (positive/negative/neutral) and extract main topics
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
To send a review to an LLM API for sentiment analysis, which type of HTTP request would you typically make?
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GET request to retrieve sentiment
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POST request with the review text in the request body
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DELETE request to remove the review
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PUT request to update the review

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Question 29 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 3: Sentiment Analysis with LLMs** **Context** A product team wants to analyze customer feedback from app reviews to understand user sentiment and identify common issues. Instead of manual review, they use an LLM to automatically classify sentiment and extract key themes from review text. **Available Data:** • 500 app reviews (text feedback, 1-5 star ratings) • LLM API access (e.g., OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude) • Goal: Classify sentiment (positive/negative/neutral) and extract main topics
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
When designing a prompt for the LLM to classify sentiment, which prompt structure is most effective?
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Just send the review text with no instructions
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Provide clear instructions and specify the desired output format: "Classify the sentiment of this review as positive, negative, or neutral. Review: {review_text}"
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Send only the word "sentiment"
6406536004921.
Ask the LLM to write code instead

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Question 30 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 3: Sentiment Analysis with LLMs** **Context** A product team wants to analyze customer feedback from app reviews to understand user sentiment and identify common issues. Instead of manual review, they use an LLM to automatically classify sentiment and extract key themes from review text. **Available Data:** • 500 app reviews (text feedback, 1-5 star ratings) • LLM API access (e.g., OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude) • Goal: Classify sentiment (positive/negative/neutral) and extract main topics
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
You're analyzing 500 reviews using an LLM API. Each API call costs $0.002 and takes 2 seconds. What practical considerations should guide your approach?
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Send all 500 reviews in a single API call
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Process reviews in batches, track costs, handle errors, and cache results
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Only analyze 5 reviews to save money
6406536004925.
Call the API repeatedly for the same review

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Question 31 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 3: Sentiment Analysis with LLMs** **Context** A product team wants to analyze customer feedback from app reviews to understand user sentiment and identify common issues. Instead of manual review, they use an LLM to automatically classify sentiment and extract key themes from review text. **Available Data:** • 500 app reviews (text feedback, 1-5 star ratings) • LLM API access (e.g., OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude) • Goal: Classify sentiment (positive/negative/neutral) and extract main topics
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
The LLM correctly identifies negative reviews but provides inconsistent output formats (sometimes "negative", sometimes "Negative", sometimes "neg"). How do you handle this?
6406536004926.
Manually review and edit each LLM response to ensure consistent formatting before using it in analysis
6406536004927.
Use prompt engineering to enforce exact output format (e.g., “Respond with exactly one word: positive, negative, or neutral in lowercase”)
6406536004928.
Ignore formatting inconsistencies and use the LLM responses as they are without additional processing
6406536004929.
Switch to a different LLM for each review in hopes of getting consistent output without post-processing

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Question 32 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 3: Sentiment Analysis with LLMs** **Context** A product team wants to analyze customer feedback from app reviews to understand user sentiment and identify common issues. Instead of manual review, they use an LLM to automatically classify sentiment and extract key themes from review text. **Available Data:** • 500 app reviews (text feedback, 1-5 star ratings) • LLM API access (e.g., OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude) • Goal: Classify sentiment (positive/negative/neutral) and extract main topics
Source diagram or notation
Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
After classifying all reviews, you want to find what percentage are negative. Which approach correctly calculates this?
6406536004930.
Manually count negative reviews
6406536004931.
Use a DataFrame, count rows with sentiment 'negative', divide by total, multiply by 100
6406536004932.
Ask the LLM to calculate the number of negative reviews
6406536004933.
Count only positive reviews

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Question 33 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 4 : Customer Support Chatbot with RAG** **Context** An e-commerce company is building a customer support chatbot that answers questions about products, policies, and orders. Instead of training a custom model, they use RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) to retrieve relevant information from their knowledge base and generate responses. **System Components:** • **Knowledge Base**: 500 product manuals, FAQs, and policy documents • **Vector Database**: Stores document embeddings for similarity search • **LLM**: Generates responses based on retrieved context • **Chunking Strategy**: Break documents into smaller pieces for better retrieval **Sample Documents:**
Source diagram or notation
**User Query:** "What is your return policy?" Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
In a RAG system, what is the purpose of breaking documents into smaller chunks before storing them?
6406536004934.
To save storage space in the database
6406536004935.
Match queries with relevant sections, not whole documents, for better accuracy.
6406536004936.
To make documents easier to read for humans
6406536004937.
To reduce the cost of LLM API calls

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Question 34 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 4 : Customer Support Chatbot with RAG** **Context** An e-commerce company is building a customer support chatbot that answers questions about products, policies, and orders. Instead of training a custom model, they use RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) to retrieve relevant information from their knowledge base and generate responses. **System Components:** • **Knowledge Base**: 500 product manuals, FAQs, and policy documents • **Vector Database**: Stores document embeddings for similarity search • **LLM**: Generates responses based on retrieved context • **Chunking Strategy**: Break documents into smaller pieces for better retrieval **Sample Documents:**
Source diagram or notation
**User Query:** "What is your return policy?" Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
When a user asks "What is your return policy?", which step happens FIRST in a RAG system?
6406536004938.
Generate a response directly using the LLM
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Convert the query to an embedding and search similar chunks
6406536004940.
Store the user’s question in the database for future use
6406536004941.
Send an email to customer support make all options of same length

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Question 35 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 4 : Customer Support Chatbot with RAG** **Context** An e-commerce company is building a customer support chatbot that answers questions about products, policies, and orders. Instead of training a custom model, they use RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) to retrieve relevant information from their knowledge base and generate responses. **System Components:** • **Knowledge Base**: 500 product manuals, FAQs, and policy documents • **Vector Database**: Stores document embeddings for similarity search • **LLM**: Generates responses based on retrieved context • **Chunking Strategy**: Break documents into smaller pieces for better retrieval **Sample Documents:**
Source diagram or notation
**User Query:** "What is your return policy?" Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
The chatbot sometimes returns information from outdated product manuals even though newer versions exist. What is the most likely cause of this issue?
6406536004942.
The LLM relies on outdated training data instead of current documents
6406536004943.
Old document chunks remain in the vector database and weren’t updated
6406536004944.
The document chunking strategy was applied incorrectly or inconsistently
6406536004945.
The embedding model is too small to capture document differences accurately

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Question 36 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 4 : Customer Support Chatbot with RAG** **Context** An e-commerce company is building a customer support chatbot that answers questions about products, policies, and orders. Instead of training a custom model, they use RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) to retrieve relevant information from their knowledge base and generate responses. **System Components:** • **Knowledge Base**: 500 product manuals, FAQs, and policy documents • **Vector Database**: Stores document embeddings for similarity search • **LLM**: Generates responses based on retrieved context • **Chunking Strategy**: Break documents into smaller pieces for better retrieval **Sample Documents:**
Source diagram or notation
**User Query:** "What is your return policy?" Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
When choosing chunk size for splitting documents, which approach generally provides the best balance for a customer support use case?
6406536004946.
Use very small chunks (1–2 sentences) for highly precise matches
6406536004947.
Use medium chunks (1–2 paragraphs, ~200–500 words) for context and focus
6406536004948.
Use very large chunks (entire documents) to provide maximum context
6406536004949.
Use randomly sized chunks to introduce variety in the database

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Question 37 MCQ · 1.0 marks

**Scenario 4 : Customer Support Chatbot with RAG** **Context** An e-commerce company is building a customer support chatbot that answers questions about products, policies, and orders. Instead of training a custom model, they use RAG (Retrieval Augmented Generation) to retrieve relevant information from their knowledge base and generate responses. **System Components:** • **Knowledge Base**: 500 product manuals, FAQs, and policy documents • **Vector Database**: Stores document embeddings for similarity search • **LLM**: Generates responses based on retrieved context • **Chunking Strategy**: Break documents into smaller pieces for better retrieval **Sample Documents:**
Source diagram or notation
**User Query:** "What is your return policy?" Based on the above data, answer the given subquestions.
A customer asks "Can I return my laptop if I opened the box?" The chatbot retrieves two relevant chunks: one about return policy and one about laptop specifications. How does the LLM use these chunks?
6406536004950.
The LLM ignores the retrieved chunks and answers using its training data
6406536004951.
The LLM uses the chunks as context to generate an informed answer
6406536004952.
The LLM copies text from the chunks verbatim without changes
6406536004953.
The LLM stores the retrieved chunks for future queries

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