Software Engineering · Quiz 2 · Sep 2025

**1. Identify the key property:** Customers are external human users; restaurant staff act as internal operational users in the scenario. The gateway and communicating order-management system are software clients. **Answer: A — 1 → External user, 2 → Internal user, 3 → Software client, 4 → Software client.** A: **Correct:** All four roles match the stated interactions. B: **Incorrect:** This reverses the customer/staff roles and treats software as a person. C: **Incorrect:** Restaurant staff are humans and the gateway is software. D: **Incorrect:** The app customer is a person, while the gateway and order system are software.

**1. Identify the key property:** Controlled internal prerelease trials are alpha testing; trials by selected users in their own real-world environments are beta testing. **Answer: B — Alpha testing → Beta testing.** A: **Incorrect:** The first phase is described by its internal prerelease setting, not module integration. B: **Correct:** Internal alpha trials precede real-world beta feedback. C: **Incorrect:** Neither phase is described as isolated unit testing. D: **Incorrect:** This reverses internal and external testing settings.

**1. Separate contract from implementation:** An interface defines allowed actions, inputs and outputs, enabling independent teams to interact without knowing internal code. Compatible internals can change while preserving that contract. **Answer: A, C, D — Statements A, C and D.** A: **Correct:** The public actions are specified. B: **Incorrect:** Internal implementation details are hidden behind the interface. C: **Correct:** Allowed inputs, requests and outputs are part of the contract. D: **Correct:** An implementation may change if the full behavioural contract remains compatible.

**1. Use early feedback:** A prototype helps the client clarify needs and lets developers detect design or technical difficulties early. Prototypes may be discarded and do not guarantee discovery of every defect. **Answer: A, C — Requirement clarification and early issue detection.** A: **Correct:** The concrete demonstration helps clarify client expectations. B: **Incorrect:** Prototypes are not always suitable for production reuse. C: **Correct:** Early experimentation can expose technical and design issues. D: **Incorrect:** A prototype cannot ensure every bug is caught.

**1. Compare stakeholder views:** A focus group allows managers to discuss common needs and expose conflicts between industries. It is a group elicitation discussion, not field observation or a bank-regulation investigation. **Answer: A, B — Consensus and stakeholder-difference discovery.** A: **Correct:** Discussion can establish shared requirements. B: **Correct:** Contrasting priorities can be identified directly. C: **Incorrect:** Natural-setting observation is a different technique. D: **Incorrect:** The stated managers are not being assembled for bank-regulation research.

**1. Identify the key property:** A three-second bound constrains performance and is non-functional. Viewing balances and history describes functional capabilities. **Answer: B — Requirement 2 is a functional requirement, whereas Requirement 1 is a non-.** A: **Incorrect:** This reverses the capability and quality classifications. B: **Correct:** Requirement 2 describes behaviour; Requirement 1 constrains performance. C: **Incorrect:** The response-time limit is a quality constraint. D: **Incorrect:** Viewing balance/history is a system function.

**1. Identify the key property:** Replacing “reasonable time” with four seconds creates an objective response-time criterion, making the story measurable. **Answer: B — Measurable.** A: **Incorrect:** It adds detail, but measurability is the direct benefit of a numerical bound. B: **Correct:** The response time can be objectively timed. C: **Incorrect:** A bound alone does not prove feasibility. D: **Incorrect:** The benefit was already relevant before the change. E: **Incorrect:** This is a system response limit, not a timebox for completing the development task.

**1. Identify the key property:** New users cannot discover how to perform basic actions. This primarily concerns how easily the interface can be learned. **Answer: A — Learnability.** A: **Correct:** The problem is learning the operations initially. B: **Incorrect:** Memorability concerns returning after already learning them. C: **Incorrect:** The primary complaint is learning rather than an inability to achieve the goal once understood. D: **Incorrect:** Efficiency concerns effort and speed in performing an understood task.

**1. Identify the key property:** The designer uses quickly editable physical screen sketches to explore navigation with the client. That is a paper prototype. **Answer: B — Paper prototype.** A: **Incorrect:** A storyboard emphasizes a narrative sequence rather than manipulating prototype screens. B: **Correct:** Physical sketches are used as a prototype. C: **Incorrect:** The stated medium specifically makes it paper prototyping, though it can simulate interaction. D: **Incorrect:** The sketches are on paper rather than digital screens.

**1. Identify the key property:** Menus support beginners while Ctrl+C accelerates the same task for experts. Multiple ways to perform an action demonstrate flexibility. **Answer: B — Flexibility.** A: **Incorrect:** Visible menus support recognition, but the two alternatives specifically demonstrate flexibility. B: **Correct:** Both novice and expert users have suitable ways to perform the same task. C: **Incorrect:** Freedom concerns avoiding unnecessary restrictions or allowing reversal. D: **Incorrect:** No help facility is described.

**1. Identify the key property:** The team is decomposing related functionality into separate software modules, identifying components of the architecture. **Answer: B — Components.** A: **Incorrect:** Interfaces specify interactions between the modules. B: **Correct:** The separate functional modules are components. C: **Incorrect:** Algorithms specify computational procedures inside components. D: **Incorrect:** Data structures organize stored data rather than group the system’s functional modules.

**1. Identify the key property:** Direct access to another module’s internal implementation is content coupling. **Answer: C — Content coupling.** A: **Incorrect:** Data coupling uses values passed through defined interfaces. B: **Incorrect:** Common coupling shares a global data area. C: **Correct:** The access reaches directly into another module’s contents. D: **Incorrect:** Control coupling passes flags or commands that direct another module’s behaviour.

**1. Identify the key property:** A local code change causes many dependent modules to fail. This propagation reflects strong intermodule dependencies, or high coupling. **Answer: B — High coupling.** A: **Incorrect:** Cohesion concerns relationships inside a module, not the spread of intermodule breakage. B: **Correct:** Strong dependencies make changes propagate across modules. C: **Incorrect:** High cohesion is desirable internal focus and does not explain this symptom. D: **Incorrect:** Good modularity limits such change propagation.

**1. Read the diagram:** Customer–Order has an association arrow; Order–Item has a filled composition diamond; ExpressOrder points to Order with a hollow inheritance triangle. **Answer: A, B, C — Customer–Order association, Order–Item composition, ExpressOrder inheritance.** A: **Correct:** The plain navigable line is an association. B: **Correct:** The filled diamond denotes composition. C: **Correct:** ExpressOrder specializes Order. D: **Incorrect:** There is no hollow aggregation diamond between Customer and Order. E: **Incorrect:** There is no composition diamond between Customer and Order. F: **Incorrect:** Item is connected by composition, not a generalization triangle.

**1. Identify the key property:** Starting from the program’s initial execution and following states until they deviate is forward debugging. **Answer: A — Forward debugging.** A: **Correct:** Execution is traced from the beginning toward the failure. B: **Incorrect:** Backward debugging starts with the failure and works toward its cause. C: **Incorrect:** Input manipulation varies inputs rather than follows execution states. D: **Incorrect:** Black-box debugging does not trace internal execution.

**1. Count source-level decision statements:** The first if, the elif, and the for loop contribute three decisions. **2. Add the base path:** \(V=3+1=4\) under the statement-level convention. **Answer: C — 4.** **Convention note:** This is the source key’s convention. A CFG that explicitly expands the short-circuit OR in “n==0 or n==1” adds another decision and reports complexity 5. A: **Incorrect:** The stated structure gives 4, rather than 2. B: **Incorrect:** The stated structure gives 4, rather than 3. C: **Correct:** This equals the independently counted result 4. D: **Incorrect:** The stated structure gives 4, rather than 5.

**1. Identify the key property:** While on feature1, git rebase master replays its unique commits on top of master, incorporating master’s current commits into the feature branch. **Answer: C — git rebase master.** **Convention note:** master must already contain the latest remote changes. Rebase rewrites feature-branch commits, so its use on shared published branches needs coordination. A: **Incorrect:** Fetch updates remote-tracking data and does not itself integrate master into feature1. B: **Incorrect:** This pulls the feature1 remote branch rather than master. C: **Correct:** Rebase places feature1’s changes on the updated master base. D: **Incorrect:** Clone creates a new repository copy rather than updates the current branch.

**1. Identify the key property:** Successive transformations pass their outputs to later stages. This is a pipe-and-filter pipeline. **Answer: C — Pipe and Filter.** A: **Incorrect:** Peer-to-peer is organized around cooperating peers. B: **Incorrect:** MVC separates data, presentation and control. C: **Correct:** Filters transform representations and pipes connect successive stages. D: **Incorrect:** Client-server is organized around requests to a service.

**1. Identify the key property:** Separating interfaces by delivery role lets each implementation provide only the operations it actually needs. **Answer: B — Each client implements only the methods relevant to its delivery type, avoiding .** A: **Incorrect:** Forcing irrelevant methods is exactly what ISP avoids. B: **Correct:** Role-specific interfaces eliminate meaningless implementations. C: **Incorrect:** ISP splits abstractions rather than removes them all. D: **Incorrect:** Reducing the class count is not its defining purpose.

**1. Identify the key property:** Builder constructs an object incrementally with named optional settings, avoiding a constructor for every field combination. **Answer: B — Builder Pattern.** A: **Incorrect:** Factory centralizes creation but does not specifically solve optional-argument telescoping. B: **Correct:** Builder provides readable stepwise construction with optional fields. C: **Incorrect:** Adapter translates incompatible interfaces. D: **Incorrect:** Facade simplifies access to a subsystem.

**1. Understand sprint planning:** The Scrum Team collaborates on the sprint goal and selected work; developers plan how to deliver it. Planning is timeboxed, and selection is not a unilateral Product Owner decision. **Answer: A, C, D — Statements A, C and D.** A: **Correct:** The planned amount reflects team capability and the goal. B: **Incorrect:** The Product Owner prioritizes value, but developers and the team collaborate on selection. C: **Correct:** The delivery approach is discussed and planned. D: **Correct:** Sprint Planning has a defined timebox.

**1. Identify a decomposition tree:** A WBS organizes the project into smaller assignable work packages with the project at the root. It does not itself encode scheduling dependencies as an activity network does. **Answer: A, B, D — Decomposition, assignable leaves and a project-rooted tree.** **Convention note:** A formal WBS is deliverable-oriented and a leaf can be a work package containing several detailed tasks; the question uses “task” in that simplified sense. A: **Correct:** It decomposes the scope into manageable work. B: **Correct:** Leaf work packages can be assigned and further planned as tasks. C: **Incorrect:** Dependencies are represented in a scheduling/activity network rather than inherently in the WBS tree. D: **Correct:** The project is decomposed hierarchically.

**1. Multiply probability by impact:** \(R_1=0.3(4)=1.2\), \(R_2=0.5(3)=1.5\), \(R_3=0.7(3)=2.1\). **2. Rank the scores:** R3 has the highest exposure score and should be prioritized. **Answer: C — R3.** A: **Incorrect:** R1’s score 1.2 is below the others. B: **Incorrect:** R2’s score 1.5 is below R3. C: **Correct:** R3 has the highest score, 2.1. D: **Incorrect:** The three scores are different.