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Algorithmic Thinking in Bioinformatics · Quiz 2 · May 2026

Algorithmic Thinking in Bioinformatics · Quiz 2 · May 2026

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Question 2 MCQ · 2.0 marks

An additive distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
, defined for
Source diagram or notation
species, requires
Source diagram or notation
space when stored as a full distance matrix. We apply the additive phylogeny algorithm on
Source diagram or notation
to construct a simple phylogenetic tree
Source diagram or notation
with
Source diagram or notation
leaves and at most
Source diagram or notation
branching points (internal nodes), and store it to a file. Assume that every value stored in both the files including the names of the leaves are integers, and requires same amount of storage space. Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
What is the asymptotic space complexity required to store the **topology** of the phylogenetic tree?
6406537125615.Source diagram or notation
6406537125616.Source diagram or notation
6406537125617.Source diagram or notation
6406537125618.Source diagram or notation

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Question 3 MCQ · 2.0 marks

An additive distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
, defined for
Source diagram or notation
species, requires
Source diagram or notation
space when stored as a full distance matrix. We apply the additive phylogeny algorithm on
Source diagram or notation
to construct a simple phylogenetic tree
Source diagram or notation
with
Source diagram or notation
leaves and at most
Source diagram or notation
branching points (internal nodes), and store it to a file. Assume that every value stored in both the files including the names of the leaves are integers, and requires same amount of storage space. Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
What is the asymptotic space complexity required to store the **branch lengths** of the phylogenetic tree?
6406537125619.Source diagram or notation
6406537125620.Source diagram or notation
6406537125621.Source diagram or notation
6406537125622.Source diagram or notation

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Question 4 MCQ · 1.0 marks

An additive distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
, defined for
Source diagram or notation
species, requires
Source diagram or notation
space when stored as a full distance matrix. We apply the additive phylogeny algorithm on
Source diagram or notation
to construct a simple phylogenetic tree
Source diagram or notation
with
Source diagram or notation
leaves and at most
Source diagram or notation
branching points (internal nodes), and store it to a file. Assume that every value stored in both the files including the names of the leaves are integers, and requires same amount of storage space. Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
What is the asymptotic time complexity required to retrieve the distance between two leaves
Source diagram or notation
and
Source diagram or notation
using
Source diagram or notation
?
6406537125623.Source diagram or notation
6406537125624.Source diagram or notation
6406537125625.Source diagram or notation
6406537125626.Source diagram or notation

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Question 5 MCQ · 4.0 marks

An additive distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
, defined for
Source diagram or notation
species, requires
Source diagram or notation
space when stored as a full distance matrix. We apply the additive phylogeny algorithm on
Source diagram or notation
to construct a simple phylogenetic tree
Source diagram or notation
with
Source diagram or notation
leaves and at most
Source diagram or notation
branching points (internal nodes), and store it to a file. Assume that every value stored in both the files including the names of the leaves are integers, and requires same amount of storage space. Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Suppose the distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
is not available, and only the files containing information on the phylogenetic tree are accessible. Then, what is the asymptotic time complexity required to retrieve the distance between two leaves
Source diagram or notation
and
Source diagram or notation
?
6406537125627.Source diagram or notation
6406537125628.Source diagram or notation
6406537125629.Source diagram or notation
6406537125630.Source diagram or notation

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Question 6 MCQ · 2.0 marks

Consider the profile matrix given below.
Source diagram or notation
Source diagram or notation
This profile matrix was computed from a set of five motifs as shown below. Three nucleotides in the motif set are missing. Use the given profile matrix above to infer the missing nucleotides and answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Source diagram or notation
What is the nucleotide at position (i) in the given set of motifs?
6406537125631.
A
6406537125632.
C
6406537125633.
G
6406537125634.
T

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Question 7 MCQ · 3.0 marks

Consider the profile matrix given below.
Source diagram or notation
Source diagram or notation
This profile matrix was computed from a set of five motifs as shown below. Three nucleotides in the motif set are missing. Use the given profile matrix above to infer the missing nucleotides and answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Source diagram or notation
Determine the nucleotide/s at positions (ii) and (iii).
6406537125635.
A
6406537125636.
C
6406537125637.
G
6406537125638.
T

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Question 8 NAT · 3.0 marks

Consider the following distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
.
Source diagram or notation
Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Calculate
Source diagram or notation
?

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Question 9 MSQ · 2.0 marks

Consider the following distance matrix
Source diagram or notation
.
Source diagram or notation
Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Suppose the UPGMA algorithm is applied to this distance matrix. Which of the following pair(s) of leaves can be merged first?
6406537125645.Source diagram or notation
6406537125646.Source diagram or notation
6406537125647.Source diagram or notation
6406537125648.Source diagram or notation

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Question 10 MCQ · 3.0 marks

Consider the following procedure for assigning strings to nodes of a suffix tree
Source diagram or notation
constructed from the string
Source diagram or notation
. Here,
Source diagram or notation
and
Source diagram or notation
represent the set of nodes and edges of
Source diagram or notation
respectively. Which of the following correctly describes the string assigned to a leaf
Source diagram or notation
of the suffix tree?
Source diagram or notation
6406537125639.
A prefix of
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125640.
A suffix of
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125641.
Any random substring of
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125642.
Any random subsequence of
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125643.
Cannot be determined from the information provided

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Question 11 MCQ · 3.0 marks

The waiting time
Source diagram or notation
(in arbitrary units) between successive transcription-initiation events at a promoter is modelled by the density
Source diagram or notation
Find the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter
Source diagram or notation
for a sample of unit size
Source diagram or notation
, with
Source diagram or notation
being the observed sample value.
6406537125667.Source diagram or notation
6406537125668.Source diagram or notation
6406537125669.Source diagram or notation
6406537125670.Source diagram or notation

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Question 12 MCQ · 3.0 marks

A researcher clusters tumour samples using vanilla soft
Source diagram or notation
-means and steadily increases the stiffness parameter
Source diagram or notation
towards very large values. Which statement best describes the behaviour of the algorithm, and what does the corresponding GMM assumption imply?
6406537125671.
Every sample tends to receive responsibility
Source diagram or notation
for all clusters; this corresponds to
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125672.
Assignments become winner-takes-all, recovering hard
Source diagram or notation
-means; since
Source diagram or notation
, this corresponds to
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125673.
Assignments become winner-takes-all, recovering hard
Source diagram or notation
-means; since
Source diagram or notation
, this corresponds to
Source diagram or notation
.
6406537125674.
The mixing proportions
Source diagram or notation
become unequal, allowing clusters of different sizes.

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Question 13 NAT · 2.0 marks

You are asked to construct the suffix array of an alien DNA sequence of length
Source diagram or notation
, where the sequence includes the symbol
Source diagram or notation
. If the alien DNA is composed of
Source diagram or notation
different types of nucleotides, then what is the number of entries in the suffix array?

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Question 14 MCQ · 3.0 marks

You join a job that involves working on sample reads for disease
Source diagram or notation
. The figure given below represents the suffix trie of the reference human genome (for a healthy person).
Source diagram or notation
Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
Determine which among the following is the reference DNA sequence?
6406537125650.
TTGTCCCCCGGGT$
6406537125651.
TTGTCAACTGGGT$
6406537125652.
ATGTCAACCGGGT$
6406537125653.
ATGTCAACCGGGG$
6406537125654.
TTTGCAACCGGGT$

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Question 15 MSQ · 4.0 marks

You join a job that involves working on sample reads for disease
Source diagram or notation
. The figure given below represents the suffix trie of the reference human genome (for a healthy person).
Source diagram or notation
Answer the given subquestions with respect to the same.
In this simplified model, assume a person
Source diagram or notation
does not have the disease
Source diagram or notation
(i.e.,
Source diagram or notation
is healthy) if the sample read collected (from
Source diagram or notation
) does not have any mutation. The options given below are the reads collected from different individuals. Determine which among these individuals is/are healthy?
6406537125655.
TTAC
6406537125656.
GTCA
6406537125657.
ATGT
6406537125658.
GGCC

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Question 16 MCQ · 4.0 marks

Given the profile matrix of a set of motifs, find the profile-most probable
Source diagram or notation
-mer in the sequence ATGTGCA.
Source diagram or notation
6406537125659.
ATGT
6406537125660.
TGTG
6406537125661.
GTGC
6406537125662.
TGCA

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Question 17 MCQ · 4.0 marks

A set of gene expression profiles is clustered into two co-expression modules using soft
Source diagram or notation
-means. For a particular gene, the distance of its expression vector from the two module centroids is
Source diagram or notation
and
Source diagram or notation
, respectively. Using the soft
Source diagram or notation
-means formula with stiffness
Source diagram or notation
, compute the probabilities that this gene belongs to each module. The probability formula is:
Source diagram or notation
What are the probabilities
Source diagram or notation
and
Source diagram or notation
?
6406537125663.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125664.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125665.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125666.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation

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Question 18 MCQ · 5.0 marks

The GC-content distribution of a bacterial metagenome is modelled as a two-component Gaussian Mixture Model, where each component corresponds to a distinct taxonomic bin: • Component 1: Mean
Source diagram or notation
, Variance
Source diagram or notation
, Weight
Source diagram or notation
• Component 2: Mean
Source diagram or notation
, Variance
Source diagram or notation
, Weight
Source diagram or notation
Given a contig with normalized GC score
Source diagram or notation
, calculate the responsibilities (posterior probabilities) for each component. Hint:
Source diagram or notation
6406537125675.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125676.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125677.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation
6406537125678.Source diagram or notation
,
Source diagram or notation

A published solution is not available for this question yet.

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