Software Engineering · Quiz 2 · May 2026

**1. Identify the distinction:** A fixed, prewritten list is asked verbally in the same way to each respondent. This is a structured interview. **Answer: C — Structured interview.** A: **Incorrect:** Unstructured interviews do not use an identical fixed question list. B: **Incorrect:** Semi-structured interviews permit flexible follow-up beyond a fixed core. C: **Correct:** The questions and interview procedure are standardized. D: **Incorrect:** Observation watches work rather than asking a fixed interview script.

**1. Identify the distinction:** The erroneous source-code statement is a fault: a defect in the program. The developer’s mistake is the error; an incorrect result during execution is a failure. **Answer: B — Fault.** A: **Incorrect:** An error is the human mistake that introduces the defect. B: **Correct:** The incorrect formula exists as a defect in the code. C: **Incorrect:** A failure is the externally observed incorrect behaviour when executed. D: **Incorrect:** A test case is an input and expected result used to check behaviour.

**1. Identify the distinction:** A sprint review inspects the completed increment with stakeholders and gathers feedback. Demonstrating the driver-tracking feature matches that purpose. **Answer: C — Sprint Review.** A: **Incorrect:** Planning decides the coming sprint’s work. B: **Incorrect:** The daily Scrum coordinates developers’ progress during a sprint. C: **Correct:** The completed increment is being inspected with customers. D: **Incorrect:** A retrospective improves the team’s process rather than demonstrating the increment to customers.

**1. Sum completed points:** \(18+22+20+24=84\). **2. Divide by four sprints:** \(\bar v=84/4=21\) story points per sprint. **Answer: B — 21 story points per sprint.** A: **Incorrect:** The arithmetic mean is 21, not 20. B: **Correct:** 84 completed points divided by four sprints gives 21. C: **Incorrect:** The arithmetic mean is 21, not 22. D: **Incorrect:** The arithmetic mean is 21, not 23.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Each module has one focused objective, giving high cohesion. Shared mutable global data makes changes spread between modules, giving high coupling. **Answer: A — High cohesion and high coupling.** A: **Correct:** The objectives are focused, but the shared data creates strong dependencies. B: **Incorrect:** The shared global dictionary prevents low coupling. C: **Incorrect:** The focused module objectives indicate high cohesion. D: **Incorrect:** The modules have focused objectives and strong data dependencies.

**1. Identify the distinction:** A profiler measures CPU time, memory allocation and hot paths during execution, directly identifying performance bottlenecks. **Answer: B — Profiling Tool.** A: **Incorrect:** Logs can record events but do not automatically attribute CPU and memory hotspots. B: **Correct:** Profiling attributes resource use to functions and code paths. C: **Incorrect:** Single-stepping explains execution but is inefficient for measuring performance hotspots. D: **Incorrect:** Comparing dumps targets state differences rather than systematic performance attribution.

**1. Identify the distinction:** UniversityPortal.performAdmission() provides one simple entry point that coordinates several subsystems. Hiding this coordination behind a unified interface is the Facade pattern. **Answer: C — Facade.** A: **Incorrect:** Factory focuses on selecting and creating objects. B: **Incorrect:** Adapter converts one interface into another. C: **Correct:** A facade simplifies access to a collection of subsystems. D: **Incorrect:** Builder assembles a complex object step by step.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Travelers are external human users; the company’s travel agents are internal human users. The payment gateway and airline reservation system are software systems that interact with the application. **Answer: A — 1-External User, 2-Internal User, 3-Software Client, 4-Software Client.** A: **Correct:** All four classifications match their roles. B: **Incorrect:** This reverses the two human user categories. C: **Incorrect:** Travel agents are people, and the gateway is software. D: **Incorrect:** Travelers are people, and the payment gateway is software.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Selected real customers are trying a prerelease product in real-world conditions. This is beta testing, which collects feedback outside the development environment. **Answer: D — Beta Testing.** A: **Incorrect:** Unit testing isolates small program units. B: **Incorrect:** Integration testing checks component interactions. C: **Incorrect:** Alpha testing is ordinarily performed in a controlled developer environment. D: **Correct:** External customers test the product in their own real-world usage.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Submitting answers specifies what the system must do, a functional requirement. Saving within two seconds adds a performance constraint, a non-functional requirement. **Answer: B — Requirement 1 is functional and Requirement 2 is non-functional..** A: **Incorrect:** The response-time bound is a quality constraint. B: **Correct:** The first defines behaviour; the second constrains its performance. C: **Incorrect:** This reverses their classifications. D: **Incorrect:** Submitting answers is a specified system function.

**1. Identify the distinction:** The 15-second refresh interval supplies a numerical criterion that can be checked. It primarily improves measurability. **Answer: C — Measurable.** A: **Incorrect:** The interval also adds detail, but its key contribution is a measurable acceptance criterion. B: **Incorrect:** The reason the feature matters is already stated. C: **Correct:** The refresh interval can be timed objectively. D: **Incorrect:** An interval alone does not establish that the goal is feasible.

**1. Identify the distinction:** First-time users cannot discover how to perform cancellation. This impedes learning the interface, so learnability is most affected. **Answer: B — Learnability.** A: **Incorrect:** Efficiency concerns speed and effort once the operation is understood. B: **Correct:** The difficulty is discovering and learning the operation. C: **Incorrect:** No specific harmful outcome is described. D: **Incorrect:** Memorability concerns returning after previously learning the interface.

**1. Identify the distinction:** The prototype responds to user actions and simulates navigation and workflows. This interaction distinguishes it from static screens. **Answer: C — Interactive Prototype.** A: **Incorrect:** A storyboard illustrates a sequence rather than supporting live interaction. B: **Incorrect:** The prototype is digital and clickable, not paper-based. C: **Correct:** Navigation and simulated input make it interactive. D: **Incorrect:** A static digital mock-up does not itself simulate workflows.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Users can explore products without being forced into authentication. Removing that unnecessary prerequisite supports freedom of action. **Answer: A — Freedom.** A: **Correct:** Browsing is available without an imposed login step. B: **Incorrect:** Recognition over recall concerns showing information instead of requiring memory. C: **Incorrect:** Consistency concerns uniform conventions across the interface. D: **Incorrect:** Showing status concerns feedback about the system’s current state.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Accessing or modifying another module’s internal variables depends on its implementation contents. That is content coupling. **Answer: D — Content Coupling.** A: **Incorrect:** Data coupling exchanges values through defined interfaces. B: **Incorrect:** Control coupling passes information that directs another module’s logic. C: **Incorrect:** Common coupling shares a common global data area. D: **Correct:** The dependency directly crosses another module’s internal boundary.

**1. Count decisions:** The function contains two if statements: x>0 and x%2==0. **2. Add the base path:** \(V=2+1=3\). The three outcomes are nonpositive, positive even and positive odd inputs. **Answer: B — 3.** A: **Incorrect:** There are two decisions plus one base path. B: **Correct:** The function has three independent paths. C: **Incorrect:** Else branches do not each add a separate decision. D: **Incorrect:** Only two decision predicates occur.

**1. Identify the distinction:** The compiler stages each transform a stream or representation and pass their output to the next stage. This is pipe-and-filter architecture. **Answer: C — Pipe-and-Filter.** A: **Incorrect:** MVC separates model, view and controller responsibilities. B: **Incorrect:** Client-server is organized around service requests and responses. C: **Correct:** Filters transform input and pipes connect the transformation stages. D: **Incorrect:** Peer-to-peer uses cooperating peer nodes rather than a transformation pipeline.

**1. Identify the distinction:** A broad interface forces delivery implementations to support methods they do not need. Interface Segregation recommends smaller role-specific interfaces. **Answer: C — Interface Segregation Principle.** A: **Incorrect:** A single responsibility concern may accompany the design, but unused interface methods directly implicate ISP. B: **Incorrect:** Open-Closed concerns extension without modifying existing code. C: **Correct:** Implementations should not depend on irrelevant interface operations. D: **Incorrect:** Dependency Inversion concerns depending on abstractions rather than concrete implementations.

**1. Use the component contract:** An interface defines permitted requests and results. Teams can implement independently against it, and a compatible internal change need not affect clients. **Answer: A, C, D — Statements A, C and D.** **Convention note:** Remaining compatible means preserving specified behaviour as well as the visible method signatures. A: **Correct:** Requests and outputs are part of an interface contract. B: **Incorrect:** Interfaces hide rather than reveal the complete implementation. C: **Correct:** An agreed interface supports independent component development. D: **Correct:** Preserving the full interface contract allows implementation changes without client changes.

**1. Evaluate early feedback:** A prototype makes expectations tangible and exposes requirement or design misunderstandings before full development. It supports refinement but cannot guarantee defect-free software. **Answer: A, B, D — Clarification, early issue detection and refinement.** A: **Correct:** Feedback helps clarify expectations. B: **Correct:** Early demonstrations can reveal design issues. C: **Incorrect:** No development model guarantees zero defects. D: **Correct:** Feedback supports early requirement refinement.

**1. Read UML symbols:** Customer–Order has an association line; the filled diamond at Order represents composition with Item; the hollow triangle points from ExpressOrder to its superclass Order. **2. Match the statements:** Those three relationships are supported. The Customer–Order line is not composition. **Answer: A, B, C — Customer–Order association, Order–Item composition, ExpressOrder–Order inheritance.** A: **Correct:** Customer and Order are connected by an association. B: **Correct:** The filled diamond denotes Order–Item composition. C: **Correct:** ExpressOrder specializes Order through inheritance. D: **Incorrect:** Customer–Order is drawn as an association, not composition.

**1. Identify the distinction:** A defect in an external component threatens the system’s correctness and reliability. This is a technical risk. **Answer: B — Technical Risk.** A: **Incorrect:** Business risk concerns commercial viability or value. B: **Correct:** The threat arises from a technology component’s defects. C: **Incorrect:** Project risk usually concerns delivery resources, schedule or budget. D: **Incorrect:** A dependency can introduce a real technical failure risk.

**1. Identify the distinction:** Benchmarking and regularly inspecting the dependency can expose defects and degradation before they affect the application. It directly targets the stated risk. **Answer: B — Benchmark and regularly inspect the external component.** A: **Incorrect:** Customer surveys do not establish the service’s technical reliability. B: **Correct:** Testing and monitoring the external component target its potential defects. C: **Incorrect:** Exploring the market does not validate the installed component. D: **Incorrect:** Reducing scope does not necessarily remove this dependency or its defects.

**1. Identify the distinction:** The familiar requirements, experienced team and relatively modest 50-KLOC application fit the organic mode of Basic COCOMO. **Answer: A — Organic.** A: **Correct:** This mode models relatively straightforward projects with experienced teams. B: **Incorrect:** Semi-detached mode suits mixed experience and greater complexity. C: **Incorrect:** Embedded mode involves tight operational or hardware constraints. D: **Incorrect:** The scenario supplies enough mode-selection information.

**1. Select organic coefficients:** The supplied table gives \(a=2.4\), \(b=1.05\). Basic COCOMO effort is \(E=a(KLOC)^b\). **2. Substitute:** \[E=2.4(50)^{1.05}\approx145.93\text{ person-months}.\] **Answer: A — 146 person-months.** A: **Correct:** The rounded organic estimate is 146 person-months. B: **Incorrect:** This does not equal 2.4×50^1.05. C: **Incorrect:** This does not equal the organic-mode estimate. D: **Incorrect:** This substantially exceeds the organic estimate.

**1. Read incoming edges:** Requirements Analysis precedes both UI Design and Database Design. Neither design task depends on the other, so they can run in parallel. **2. Read the merge and finish:** Implementation waits for both designs, then Testing precedes Deployment. **Answer: A, C — Statements A and C.** A: **Correct:** The two design tasks share a predecessor but have no dependency on each other. B: **Incorrect:** Testing waits for Implementation. C: **Correct:** Both design tasks have edges into Implementation. D: **Incorrect:** Deployment has Testing as a prerequisite.

**1. Identify the distinction:** In the activity network, the only direct predecessor of Deployment is Testing. Deployment therefore waits for testing to finish. **Answer: D — Testing.** A: **Incorrect:** UI Design is an earlier upstream task. B: **Incorrect:** Database Design is an earlier upstream task. C: **Incorrect:** Implementation is followed by Testing before Deployment. D: **Correct:** The graph contains the direct dependency Testing → Deployment.